What is a buffer solution?

A buffer solution is a specific type of solution that is designed to resist significant changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or base are added. This is achieved by the presence of a conjugate acid-base pair within the solution. For instance, a buffer may consist of acetic acid and sodium acetate. When an acid is introduced, the acetic acid can react with the additional H+ ions to minimize the change in pH. Conversely, if a base is added, the acetate ions can react with the OH- ions to help keep the pH relatively stable.

The ability to maintain a constant pH is crucial in many biological and chemical processes, making buffers essential in various applications, including biological systems and industrial processes.